| Fort Santa Cruz | |
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| Part of Oran | |
| Oran, Algeria | |
Santa Cruz Fort and the whitewashed Santa Cruz church in Oran |
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| Type | Fort |
| Coordinates | |
| Built | Seventeenth century |
| Built by | Ottomans and Spaniards |
| Construction materials |
Stone and brick |
| Open to the public |
Yes |
| Controlled by | Government of Algeria |
| Battles/wars | Ottomans, Spaniards and French |
Santa Cruz church |
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Fort Santa Cruz, Oran is one of the three forts in Oran, the second largest port city of Algeria; the other two forts are Fort de la Moune at the western end of the port and Fort St. Philippe, a replacement of the old castle of the Saints known in Spanish as Castillo de los Santos, at the centre of Oran. The three forts are connected by tunnels. Fort Santa Cruz was built between 1577 and 1604 by the Spaniards on the Pic d’Aidour above Gulf of Oran in the Mediterranean Sea, at an elevation of above 400 metres (1,312 ft). In 1831, the French occupied Oran and the fort.
A small chapel, known as the Chapel of Santa Cruz, stands close to the fort. This chapel has been refurbished with a tower, which has a huge statue of the Virgin Mary, said to be a replica of that at Notre Dame de la Garde in Marseilles, styled as Notre Dame de la Salut de Santa Cruz.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
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The fort is located at a height of about 400 metres (1,300 ft) on Mount Murdjadjo, also known as Pic d’Aidour, from where one has a spectacular view of Mers-el-Kebir, the strategic military port of Oran. Beneath the castle, on the hill slope, is the chapel of the Blessed Virgin, which is a Catholic pilgrimage site.[1][5][6]
The Ottomans built the first fort on the site. After the Spaniards defeated the Ottomans in the sixteenth Century, they rebuilt Fort Santa Cruz. The Spaniards ruled Oran for about 300 years till 1792. In the past, the fortress of Santa Cruz accommodated the Oran city governors.[7]
The fort city under Spanish rule continued to grow, requiring enlargement of the city walls. In spite of the improved fortifications, the city was the object of repeated attacks. Notable in this regard was when Moroccan Sharif Moulay Ismail tried to force his way past the defenses in 1707, only to see his army decimated. Oran was also hit by an earthquake in 1791, when most of the city was damaged and the Spanish who had ruled from 1509 evacuated. The French then occupied the city in 1831.[8]
Santacruz was the highest of the three forts erected by the Spanish above the town of Oran which was a dominantly Muslim town with buildings of mostly Moorish architecture. To show their dominance of “Crescent above the Cross”, the local people built the Marabut chapel, opposite to the fort at a higher elevation. This chapel was crowned with a crescent on a white cupola. Spaniards held on here till 1792, after the 1791 earthquake. When the French occupied, the Muslims all migrated into the interior parts of Algeria but many returned later after Abd–el-Khader was defeated.[9]
The fort, built between 1577 and 1604, occupies a strategic location. The fortifications of the place were composed of thick and continuous walls of over two and a half kilometers in circumference, surmounted by strong towers spaced between them, with a central castle or kasbah where the Spanish governor established his headquarters. The fort was built with iron, wood, sand, lime and water carried up the hill through winding and difficult trials. It was expanded repeatedly to strengthen the fortifications by cutting deep into the hill, following repeated enemy attacks. There is a subterranean communication between all the forts, the galleries passing underneath the town mounting and descending the various hills. Permission is to be obtained to explore this passage from the Colonel of Engineers.[2][3]
It has a rainwater storage harvesting system, with the largest tank having a capacity of 300,000 liters.[1][3]
The Santa Cruz Chapel was built by Bishop of Oran at the place where he had carried the statue of the Virgin Mary in a procession, followed by the people of the city, to the Oran hill, when a cholera epidemic had affected the people of Oran, in 1847. They sought blessings of Virgin Mary to protect the city from the epidemic. The entire population implored the Blessed Virgin to bless the place with rain, where after the rain gods obliged and the Oran town and the region was saved from the epidemic of cholera. As a tribute to this miracle, a chapel was built on the hill at the foot of the fort of Santa Cruz. This chapel is named as the Santa Cruz Church, which is now considered as the "Protector and Patron Saint" of the town. In commemoration of this event, every year Ascension Day is observed when people of Oran and surrounding areas pay homage by climbing up the mountain trail to the chapel as a pilgrimage.[1][2]